Tiger Mum Free Essays

In late year, a book â€Å"Battle Hymn of a Tiger Mom† composed by Amy Chu have excite open consideration. It evoked general public’s distinctive conversation about pick the Chinese or Western child rearing way. Tiger Mom is signify to the forceful mothers, yet initially it alluded to Chinese moms, since those guardians prevail with regards to bringing up uncommon scholarly achievers’ youngsters. We will compose a custom paper test on Tiger Mum or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Tiger mum lift her posterity to be the best. She put all the push to her child or girl. Taking Amy Chu for instance, she is a regularly â€Å"tiger mum†. She has two girls who both are extraordinary at scholarly and instruments. Chu (2011) guarantee that the fundamental explanation of her girls having different accomplishments as she picking Chinese child rearing approaches to raise her posterity. In any case, Chinese child rearing way likewise exist a few disadvantages. A Tiger mum doesn't rise to a superior eventual fate of kid Firstly, the most evident detriment is harming the child’s confidence. In Chinese child rearing, parent will in general utilize discipline than respecting. For example, when the kids got B at assessment, Western family will give the youngster a great deal of support and resilience . Then again, Chinese family will punish her children or little girls, as they might suspect the youngster must not buckle down enough. Those guardians may disgrace their youngster or call them futile or trash (Chua, 2011). It would straightforwardly influence youngsters mental development. In the event that kids consistently take discipline without commendation or thankfulness, they would have low confidence. They won't have inspiration to improve in light of the fact that their parent have absurdly elevated requirement. At whatever point they work superbly, they additionally believe that is their obligation. The more clash and less union in a teen’s family, the more probable they were to have poor emotional wellness. † (Pappas, 2012, Para 5). At long last, the youngsters not exclusively don't have high accomplishment yet in addition low self-ID. Besides, another deficiency of tiger mum’s child rearing way is confining the youngster own basic reasoning and inventiv eness. Those pre-adult just follow their parent request and want from their young age. Because of the parent contemplate the more youthful are not adult enough to choose a correct way (Peg Streep, 2009). Consequently, their folks would organize a thick calendar for their youngsters to watch. As time passes by, the adolescent will become as a machine or robot since they don't have basic reasoning and innovativeness in their every day. They are not permit to pick their own decisions. Everything must obey by their tiger guardians. Accordingly, their kids couldn't independently decide and propose new thoughts. At the point when they development up, they can only with significant effort be elevated to higher situation as they not well-prepared here. Besides, it is no embellishment to give that the juvenile who raising by Chinese child rearing is inadequate with regards to social abilities, those immature have required satisfying the calendar planned by their parent’s. As per Amy Chu (2011), she has extremely exacting child rearing to bring up her little girl. She doesn't allow her little girls to have their liberal recreation time to sit in front of the TV or play PC games, even doesn't permit them to take part in excess extracurricular exercises as opposed to playing violin or piano. Her girl can barely to meet their companions and play together. Likewise, she orders her posterity to keep up extraordinary scholastic outcome. Each test and assessment grade is more noteworthy than A. Those youngsters don't have any extra an ideal opportunity to visit and play with companions. They can't rehearse their social aptitudes, for example, discussion abilities, social discernment abilities and enthusiastic control abilities. It is essential for them to work later on as it could influence the connection among you and your boss or associate (Lee, 2000). It is honestly to state that without social aptitudes would not have an extraordinary possibility Tiger mum anticipate that their kids should have incredible scholarly outcome to enter acclaimed school. In any case, in Tiger mum child rearing way cause the kids to turn out to be low confidence, generalized and absence of social abilities. In the kid grow up period, it is significant for them to develop these fundamental components. In current years, Andy Leung, a Chinese University Of Hong Kong ace had an exceptional scholastic outcome, however he was totally flopped in his social ability. He likewise can't get a new line of work after meeting in excess of multiple times. It evidence that Tiger mum’s child rearing way doesn't imply that the kids can have lit up future. Guardians have obligations that are exceptional to parenthood, giving direction and order to their young people. In any case, they likewise gave a duty to regard their youngsters and treat them as people having equivalent human worth and nobility. As the well-known axiom goes that â€Å"all youngsters are ifted†, guardians should give more help and empower for their posterity as opposed to pushing exceptionally desire on their kid. It just presents the defense more awful and more regrettable. It is a brilliant open door for guardians to reconsider how to up bring their youngster is the best. Reference List: â€Å"Battle Hymn of a T iger Mom† ,Amy Chu, Penguin Press, 2011 â€Å"Nurturing Success: Successful ladies of shading and their daughters†, Essie E. Lee, 2000 â€Å"Mean Mothers†, Peg Streep, 2009 â€Å"Study: ‘Tiger Parenting’ Tough on Kids†, Stephanie Pappas, 2012 http://www. livescience. com/18023-tiger-child rearing intense children. html The most effective method to refer to Tiger Mum, Papers Tiger Mum Free Essays In late year, a book â€Å"Battle Hymn of a Tiger Mom† composed by Amy Chu have stir open consideration. It evoked general public’s distinctive conversation about pick the Chinese or Western child rearing way. Tiger Mom is mean to the forceful mothers, but initially it alluded to Chinese moms, since those guardians prevail with regards to bringing up uncommon scholarly achievers’ youngsters. We will compose a custom paper test on Tiger Mum or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Tiger mum lift her posterity to be the best. She put all the push to her child or little girl. Taking Amy Chu for instance, she is a commonly â€Å"tiger mum†. She has two girls who both are remarkable at scholastic and instruments. Chu (2011) guarantee that the primary explanation of her little girls having different accomplishments as she picking Chinese child rearing approaches to raise her posterity. Be that as it may, Chinese child rearing way likewise exist a few downsides. A Tiger mum doesn't rise to a superior eventual fate of youngster Firstly, the most evident inconvenience is harming the child’s confidence. In Chinese child rearing, parent will in general utilize discipline than appreciating. For example, when the kids got B at assessment, Western family will give the youngster a great deal of energize and resistance . Then again, Chinese family will punish her children or little girls, as they might suspect the kid must not buckle down enough. Those guardians may disgrace their kid or call them pointless or trash (Chua, 2011). It would legitimately influence youngsters mental development. On the off chance that youngsters consistently take discipline without applause or thankfulness, they would have low confidence. They won't have inspiration to improve in light of the fact that their parent have incredibly elevated requirement. At whatever point they work superbly, they additionally believe that is their duty. The more clash and less union in a teen’s family, the more probable they were to have poor emotional wellness. † (Pappas, 2012, Para 5). At long last, the kids not exclusively don't have high accomplishment yet in addition low self-ID. Besides, another weakness of tiger mum’s child rearing way is confining the youngster own basic reasoning and innovativeness. Those pre-a dult just follow their parent request and want from their young age. Because of the parent consider the more youthful are not experienced enough to choose a correct way (Peg Streep, 2009). Consequently, their folks would mastermind a thick calendar for their youngsters to watch. As time passes by, the adolescent will become as a machine or robot since they don't have basic reasoning and inventiveness in their every day. They are not permit to pick their own decisions. Everything must obey by their tiger guardians. Subsequently, their youngsters couldn't separately decide and propose new thoughts. At the point when they development up, they can only with significant effort be elevated to higher situation as they not well-prepared around there. Also, it is no misrepresentation to give that the pre-adult who raising by Chinese child rearing is deficient with regards to social abilities, those juvenile have required satisfying the calendar structured by their parent’s. As per Amy Chu (2011), she has extremely severe child rearing to bring up her little girl. She doesn't allow her little girls to have their liberal recreation time to sit in front of the TV or play PC games, even doesn't permit them to take an interest in excess extracurricular exercises as opposed to playing violin or piano. Her girl can scarcely to meet their companions and play together. Likewise, she orders her posterity to keep up extraordinary scholarly outcome. Each test and assessment grade is more noteworthy than A. Those youngsters don't have any extra an ideal opportunity to talk and play with companions. They can't rehearse their social aptitudes, for example, discussion abilities, social observation aptitudes and passionate control aptitudes. It is imperative for them to work later on as it could influence the connection among you and your director or associate (Lee, 2000). It is honestly to state that without social abilities would not have an incredible possibility Tiger mum anticipate that their kids should have extraordinary scholarly outcome to enter renowned school. All things considered, in Tiger mum child rearing way cause the youngsters to turn out to be low confidence, generalized and absence of social aptitudes. In the kid grow up period, it is significant for them to develop these vita

Representationalism and Antirepresentationalism - Kant, Davidson and Rorty :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Representationalism and Antirepresentationalism - Kant, Davidson and Rorty (1) Conceptual: The ideas of representationalism and antirepresentationalism are presented and utilized in contemporary philosophical conversations by Richard Rorty to portray his and the neopragmatists' mentality toward conventional issues of epistemology. Rorty implies that the historical backdrop of theory shows that there are no last responses to the conventional inquiries concerning information, truth, and portrayal; thusly, they ought to be dismissed. Rorty figures such inquiries ought to be dispensed with from reasoning since there is no likelihood to get outside of our brain and language. We can't utter a word about a psyche otherworldly or language-extraordinary, nonlocal or endless reality. Hilary Putnam concurs with Rorty on this, however not with the end that we should dismiss customary philosophical inquiries. For Putnam, the epistemological inquiries are advantageous posing and, in spite of the fact that we can't locate the last right answers, we should proceed with our exa minations as though there were last answers. Our battles with those issues can prompt refinements of the definitions and to subjective turns of events. Putnam proposes a semi authenticity which is regularly called inner authenticity. Rorty dismisses each refinement of authenticity as still authenticity and accepts that the inquiries of information, truth, and portrayal lead to relapses ceaselessly or to roundabout thinking. Most likely not many scholars affected so conclusively the advancement of epistemology as Kant. Without him it is absurd to expect to depict the last 200 years of the historical backdrop of reasoning just as contemporary way of thinking as a rule. On the other stopping point one of the most compelling contemporary American logicians Richard Rorty recommends that we should surrender epistemology and Kantian image of portrayal. In this paper I offer the conversation starter, regardless of whether Rorty is thorougly succesful in his abandomnent. I attempt to research the distinctions and similitudes of Kantian and Rortyan thinking with the assistance of the epistemological thought of representationalism and of the antiepistemological idea of antirepresentationalism. On the off chance that it is conceivable to discover vital covering regions of both deduction, at that point there emerges a quandary: either Kant himself is a Rortyan, postepistemological mastermind, and this would be a sur prizing new thought regarding Kantian way of thinking or Rorty succeeds not totally to defeat the structures of Kantian-epistemological reasoning. The ideas representationalism and antirepresentationalism are presented and utilized in contemporary philosophical conversations by Richard Rorty, to depict his and the neopragmatists demeanor towards customary issues of epistemology and to make safe the world for a postepistemological thinking. Rorty implies, the historical backdrop of reasoning appeared, that there are no last responses to the customary inquiries regarding information, truth and portrayal; (2) therefore they ought to be dismissed.

Is Unearned Revenue a Liability

Is Unearned Revenue a Liability This is a common question not only among accounting students, but also business owners.First, the word “Revenue” means an income.Secondly, it is cash that has been received.The work has not yet been done, meaning the income is not earned.So, is this a liability?There is a lot of reasoning that can happen around this one.And the answer is right there in the reasoning, only that it may not be very clear.Unearned revenue, also known as deferred revenue, is income received by a business for work not yet done. It is an advance payment for work expected to be done at a later date or time.If your business sells goods, then you may get paid for the expected goods even before delivery.If you sell services, you may get payment for it pending the actual service delivery.Although the money has been received, this transaction is actually a liability.You are now expected to do something in order to “earn” the money received.In other words, you are now indebted to the one who paid you. And if you are indebted, then you have a liability. This is money you have to “pay back” through the completion of work.The presence of cash is what often causes confusion in the business.As your cash flow improves and you are able to do more, you tend to only focus on the money and the possibilities.Meanwhile, you forget the accompanying debt you have incurred.Accrued Revenue vs. Unearned (Deferred) RevenueThere are two different types of revenue coming into the business.These are largely what define the type of accounting done by businesses.The first type of revenue is called accrued revenue.This is revenue which is expected to come into the business. Most B2B transactions involve this kind of revenue.The supplier provides what has been ordered then awaits payment which is to come at a later date.For this to work however, there has to be a prior agreement.This is also called credit trading: you sell now and get paid later.Some everyday examples of accrued revenues are:Employees wo rk then they get paid at the end of the monthYou shop using a credit card then pay at the end of the monthBeing billed for a utility after a month’s useUnearned revenue is just the opposite of this.Instead of working then getting paid, you get paid first, then work for the money received. In this case, the one receiving your services has no obligation towards you.All they need to do is have an active expectation.On the other hand, by receiving the payment in advance, you are legally bound to provide the promised goods or services.Therefore, accrued revenue is the revenue earned (worked for) but not yet received.Unearned revenue on the other hand is that which has been received but not yet earned (worked for).REAL-LIFE EXAMPLES OF UNEARNED REVENUEThe examples of accrued revenue may sound very realistic and normal.But unearned revenue is equally normal and is experienced on an everyday basis.The moment you look more keenly, you will recognize them.Here are some examples.Airline Tick et BookingHave you ever asked a pilot, or the airline staff at the airport, to let you travel before buying the ticket?Better still, can you imagine giving the condition that you will only pay the full ticket cost once you arrive at your destination safely?Sounds crazy of course. But have you every given it some thought? You actually pay and wait for an aircraft.You board it and hope to get to your destination safely.What happens when there are flight delays?You complain. But that doesn’t change the mode of operation. You just pay and hope they deliver.The airline industry works through the unearned revenue model.For any service to be provided, you have to pay in advance.Moreover, you may need to pay several days in advance since there are limited spaces.Magazine SubscriptionPicture your favorite magazine delivered at your doorstep or mailbox every month. The person making the delivery never waits for your payment.He just drops it and leaves. If you were to meet him, all you can e xpect is a greeting.You are so used to it that you don’t think about it. You trusted the publishing company enough to pay them for a full year’s worth of magazine content.And now you have to wait for them to deliver it.For them, they obviously delighted in getting your payment as that is an income for them.From it however, is an obligation to always deliver on great and enjoyable content that you will love.And if you have labeled the magazine a favorite and have an active subscription running, then they won you over.What if they started producing lackluster content? You might write them a complaint letter. Or if you go the social media way, you might comment on their Facebook page. Or give a negative review on their twitter handle.Why?Because you are entitled to something.By virtue of having made an advance payment, you are entitled to receiving better than what they have given.This is exactly how the unearned revenue becomes a liability. The recipient has a debt to pay.Insuranc e IndustryRemember when the insurance agent gave you all the bad scenarios which could become a reality in your life?It could be an accident which leaves you paralyzed and in need of urgent but expensive surgery. It could be your new car, which is the talk of the office, getting stolen.Maybe your house being broken into. Or your children not advancing to university due to lack of fees.None of these scenarios is anything you would want to experience.The good thing is that he had a solution for you.He promised that he could take care of all those fears he had raised inside you.That he could guarantee your   peace of mind. He would see to it that you never thought about your son’s education because he would take care of.How?He would pay for itâ€"if you gave him the money. This money is referred to as the insurance premium.You were going to give him the money even before your son finished high school. This was a guarantee and good idea for you.But the fact is that you paid in advance for a service you only hoped to receive several years to come. HOW TO RECOGNIZE REVENUEUnderstanding the challenge caused by the different and complex scenarios in business, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) developed criteria top help recognize revenue.There are four different aspects to be considered. If the transaction checks all these boxes, then what is received is revenue.Otherwise, the earning from it will have to be deferred to a later date when it can pass the test. This makes the transaction a liability.The criteria is as below:Collection is assured â€" this refers to the probability of collecting payment from the transaction done. If you have sealed a deal but are unsure of whether you will receive payment from it, don’t count it as a sale. Only do so once you get the payment.Delivery has occurred or services rendered â€" anytime a transaction takes place, there must be a change of ownership of the goods. It is only after the buyer has assumed ownership and t he risks involved in the ownership that the transaction should be counted as a sale.Persuasive evidence of an arrangement â€" for a sale to be recognized, the SEC requires that there has to be some evidence of the same. For example, goods transferred to a retailer for the purposes of display cannot be said to be a sale.Also, anytime goods leave your premises but can be sent back after their purpose is fulfilled, e.g. demonstration, then that is not a sale.The price can be determined â€" price determination is all about guaranteeing that the sale has taken place. This is in view of the possibility of order cancellation. When there is a cancellation, it is considered that the price for that product could not be determine.In essence, no price has been paid for the product.The presence of cancellations points to the possibility that the product or service returned had been given for demonstration purposes.This then is not a sale and proceeds from it should not be counted as revenue.Afte r the expiry of the return period, goods can be recognized as sold and revenue received from the sale.ADVANTAGES OF UNEARNED REVENUEThere are benefits which are experienced when you receive unearned revenue.These are mostly revolving around the availability of cash for your business needs.With increased cash flow, there is literally very little, if any, that you cannot do.Let’s look at some of the advantages of these earnings.Easily Facilitate Work Paid ForThe payment you have received is for work not yet done. In most cases, the work you are required to do has some costs involved. For example, you may be required to get some supplies.And unlike your obligation to the customer, your supplier has no obligation towards you.This can negatively affect your performance and even make it difficult to complete the work. This is in the backdrop of the pressure you already have as you are obligated to deliver.When you get paid for work not yet done, you are able to budget for the work and s pend money on what needs to be done.This can make the work easy. You will be readily equipped to do the job and successfully complete it.Improved Cash FlowThe availability of money provides the much-needed liquidity which any business stands to benefit from.Other than the ability to focus the received cash on the task at hand, you can also use the money for other business operations.With improved cash flow, you can buy more inventory, hire more temporary staff, put up a marketing campaign etc. The list of things can only be limited by your imagination and business needs.Depending on the amount received, you can even launch an expansion program or increase the capacity of your research and development department.Whatever you do with the money, it is a welcome blessing. It is one which could have come at a later date but has been made available now. Motivation for WorkEver heard the saying that “You shall eat the fruit of your labor?”Well, how would you love to have a taste of the fruit even before the labor?The money received in advance is an incentive to work on the job. You should get motivated to work.The customer has seen it good to pay before receiving the product. This should excite you as you get to understand that your brand is trusted.If a customer can trust you that much, then he is already, or is soon going to be, a loyal customer. All you have to do is ensure you don’t disappoint him.Just as being paid after putting in the hard work feels good, you have the opportunity to run with this payment and enjoy doing the work.Reduced Bad DebtsThere is no worse thing in business than not getting paid for the products you sold or services you offered.Not only does this demoralize you, but it also puts you at risk of closing down. If enough customers fail to pay and pay on time, you can be on your way out.Doing business under credit terms is tricky.You simply have to trust that the customer will honor his pledge of paying you according to your agreement with him.The last thing you want to record in your books is bad debt. Source: patriotsoftwareBad debt is the debt which you have completely no hope in recovering.This is the debt you have followed up on and no longer have any assurance that you will ever receive it.In its strictest sense, you have a bad debt when the person owing you money is completely unable to pay. This may be the result of insolvency.When you get paid in advance, you get an assurance that the order in question will not lead to a bad debt.Not only are you guaranteed of payment, but have already received it.You therefore have an assurance that your business will be progressing well and can meet its obligations.DISADVANTAGES OF UNEARNED REVENUEAnything that goes up must eventually come down.So anything which has advantages must also have disadvantages.Unearned revenue can make you happy that you have received money in advance.But there are some serious dangers in handling money you have not yet officially earned.Here are some of them.Can Create the Wrong Impression on Your Financial S tatusThe most immediate reaction to money received in advance is a feeling of joy.Can   you imagine that someone trusts you enough to pay even without seeing the product?You must be having a strong brand. Yet you are probably new in the industry.This situation is dangerous because it can lead to a false sense of security.You can easily think that your business is doing well because of all the money coming in.This is especially so if you receive many such payments.As your vision gets dulled, you may start making wrong decisions based on the wrong impression of your financial status.If you make your financial reports after a full year, then it means you may have to wait till the year is gone before finding out the true financial standing of your business.If this has been happening throughout your financial year, then there might be too much damage.And the cost of fixing that may be very high.Danger of Improper Use of the MoneyYou have made a presentation to a client. He liked it, plac ed an order and paid in advance. The money is to facilitate product or service delivery.But is there a guarantee that this is what will happen?There can never be a guarantee for this.With cash at hand, many needs can suddenly arise. Money is the solution to many problems and when money is available, you tend to feel in control.This feeling may lead you to putting the money to wrong use. You may not realize it at first.It may be a small undertaking. It may be a small recurring debt. Or you may decide to reward the marketing team by buying them lunch.That seemingly small expense will have significant repercussions on the business.If the money is put to the wrong use, the action will come back to haunt you in the future.You may have overall profits because it was a great year for you but you could have had better.Unwarranted action could cause a decline in profits. It can mean postponing the opening of the planned new branch in the neighboring city.Can Cause Complacency at WorkComplace ncy is a dangerous disease. It is similar to laziness and is the cause of mediocrity. Mediocrity can well be viewed as the opposite of excellence.When you get paid before doing the job, you can easily become disinterested in performing the task. Or you can perform the task but not to the required levels of quality.This will be because you have nothing pushing you to do a good job.If you have already been paid, you may start developing some form of pride. You may trust yourself too much and end up providing low-quality work.If the customer notices it, he will start questioning his decision to buy from you. Whether he mentions it to you or not, the fact is that he may decide to shift allegiance.CONCLUSIONLooking at both sides of the argument, is there any real benefit in receiving unearned revenue?Consider your unique situation and make the best decision.You may not refuse advance payment but you definitely need to invest in proper accounting and accountability.

Biology Resources for Students

Waste Treatment Free Essays

string(40) " up to the Vibrant Gujarat 2013 Summit\." This PwC Report documents the key proceedings during the seminar It is for internal usage of iNDEXTb and other Government of Gujarat agencies and departments only. July 2012 Detailed Report: Integrated Waste Management– Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Forward Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Challenges and Way Forward Table of Contents 1. Summary and Way Forward †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Waste Treatment or any similar topic only for you Order Now . 2. Inaugural Plenary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2. 1 Welcome Address and Introductory Remarks †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 2. 2 Address †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2. 3 Key Note Address †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 2. 4 Inaugural Address by Guest of Honour †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 2. 5 Inaugural Address by Chief Guest †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. 6 Concluding Remarks †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 3. Technical Plenary – I: Sustainable Waste Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 List of Speakers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 3. Introductory Remarks by Session Chairman †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 3. 2 Waste Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 3. 3 Handling Emerging Waste Streams: E-Waste and Hazardous Waste Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 3. 4 Need for Mixed Technologies in Waste Disposal: Focus on Waste to Energy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3. 5 Closing Remarks by Session Chairman †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 4. Panel Discussion: From Door to Dump †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 List of Speakers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 5. Technical Plenary – II: Harnessing Waste for Wealth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 List of Speakers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 5. 1 Introductory Remarks by Session Chairman †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 5 . Presentation by Surat Municipal Corporation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 5. 3 Facilitating Public Private Partnerships in Waste Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 5. 4 Cost Economics: How to create a revenue model †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 5. 5 Towards Zero Waste: Exploring the Systems Approach †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 6. Closing Remarks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . 17 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Forward Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 1. Summary and Way Forward The following table summarizes the key parameters of the Seminar: Parameter International Speakers Domestic Speakers Total Participants Total Number 2 17 350+ The Way Forward across different dimensions as suggested by the speakers and participants are mentioned below Integrated waste management concept should focus on waste reduction along with recycling and reuse. This can be done by raising awareness towards generation of waste. Cities doing better in the fields of urban development including waste management should start sharing their learning and experience with smaller towns and cities. This can also be facilitated by PEARL initiative under JnNURM. Source-based segregation needs to be encouraged through awareness drives among citizens and other consumers of waste management services. This would also require suitable collection mechanisms and vehicles which can transport segregated wastes. Government needs to promote adoption of new technologies and processes for waste treatment suitable for the heterogeneous nature of Indian waste. Waste to energy solutions for Indian waste are possible despite lower calorific value and the same need to be encouraged through adoption of emerging technologies like gasification, concord blue tower, co processing among others. Viability of waste-to-energy solutions and other treatment disposal / recycling facilities can be boosted by clubbing smaller municipalities which do not have the financial wherewithal so that a common facility can be created and shared. Liquid waste management requires better collection efficiency which calls for sewerage network and other supporting infrastructure especially in smaller towns and cities. There is need for building more bio-medical and electronic waste treatment facilities. Both these categories of hazardous waste are rapidly emerging waste streams which need dedicated facilities for disposal and treatment. Private sector participation in waste management needs to be bolstered further which calls for development of suitable framework, capacity building of Urban Local Bodies and proper sharing of risk between the public and private sector. Private participation in the sector also needs to be facilitated through creation of a market for recyclables, raising awareness among citizens to increase willingness to pay and transparent pricing for levying user charges along with billing systems on the lines of electricity and water bills for waste management services. Zero waste scenario is achievable – a paradigm shift in waste management activities that is required. PwC Page 3 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 2. Inaugural Plenary The Seminar on â€Å"Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead† was held in Surat at Science Centre on 06 July 2012. Gujarat which is today one of the fastest urbanizing states in the country is also a strong industrial and economic hub. Unprecedented growth in its cities and urban sprawl are making adoption of new ideas in urban development sector inevitable. Waste management is a critical area and it requires special efforts to plan and manage the spiralling waste generation that is taking place, given the complex issues viz. new emerging waste streams, environmental challenges of waste handling and treatment among others. Towards this end, a 1-day seminar on integrated waste management was organized to brainstorm on emerging ideas, technologies, and systems in waste collection, treatment, disposal and recovery. The seminar was held at Surat, a model city for waste management processes in not just Gujarat but the entire country. The Inaugural session began by lighting of the lamp by the honourable dignitaries gracing the event. These dignitaries included – Name Shri Ranjitbhai Gilitwala Shri Narottambhai Patel Dr. M Ramachandran, IAS Mr. I P Gautam, IAS Mr. S J Haider, IAS Mr. M K Das, IAS Mr. Piyush Shah Organization Government of Gujarat Government of Gujarat Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India Urban Development and Urban housing department, Government of Gujarat Gujarat Urban Development Company Surat Municipal Corporation Confederation of Indian Industry Designation Honourable Minister of State Cottage industries, Salt Industries, Printing and stationery, Planning and Transport Honourable Minister – Panchayat, Rural housing and Rural Development, Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs Former Secretary Principal Secretary Managing Director Commissioner Chairman, CII Gujarat State Council PwC Page 4 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 2. 1 Welcome Address and Introductory Remarks Mr. M K Das, IAS, Commissioner, Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) delivered the opening address by greeting and extending a warm welcome to all esteemed dignitaries and august audience to the 1-day event organized at Surat, as a run up to the Vibrant Gujarat 2013 Summit. You read "Waste Treatment" in category "Papers" Mr. Das said that the pace of urbanization was posing multiple challenges to urban local bodies including development of physical and social infrastructure which not only meets current demand but also sustains future growth. One of the biggest challenges is provision of a healthy and clean environment to the citizens and in this context, scientific management of waste becomes very important. He said that the seminar was a good platform for knowledge sharing and he hoped that it would provide useful insights into the current and future trends in the sector. Introducing the city of Surat, Mr. Das said that Surat is among the fastest growing cities in the country. It is the 2nd largest city of Gujarat and 9th largest city in India with a population of ~ 4. 5 million and an area spread of 320 sq km. Large scale presence of industries especially the textile and diamond industry has contributed a lot to this growth. Greater potential of employment and options for better livelihood has attracted a large influx of migrants. This enormous growth has simultaneously tested the waste management processes in the city with around 1,200-1,400 metric tonnes of solid waste and 700 million litres of liquid waste being produced in the city per day. It is therefore a big challenge for SMC to ensure effective systems and processes for collection and disposal of municipal waste. Government of Gujarat, Mr. Das said, has been progressive with a futuristic outlook and today’s seminar is a part of its proactive initiatives to bring out innovative and practical solutions in the field of waste management. This seminar aims at coordination of waste management efforts across the country and plans to provide a platform for sharing information related to various initiatives and programs. Mr. Das concluded by expressing hope that ideas generated in this seminar will act as a catalyst for further development of the waste management sector and provide clear action points for providing a clean, green and healthy environment for the people. . 2 Address Principal Secretary, Urban Development and Urban Housing department, Government of Gujarat opened his note by introducing to the audience the Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2013 and the seminars organized by the Urban Development and Urban Housing department as a run up to the main event in January 2013. He said that the venue for Seminar on Integrated waste management was carefully chosen as Surat because of the excellent work being done by Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) and the seminar would therefore offer an opportunity to delegates and other urban local bodies to incorporate learning from work done in this city. Underscoring the importance of change required in waste management sector, Mr. Gautam said that it was necessary to discard age old ideas and adopt emerging technologies and systems which countries and leading cities around the world are practising. Mr. Gautam also briefed the audience about the inception of Gujarat Urban Development Company in 2001 for reconstruction of earthquake affected towns and its expansion later as a nodal agency for the urban development department providing coordination and support to all 159 municipalities across various areas of urban development. He ended his note inviting all the experts present to share their ideas and experiences and make the seminar fruitful. PwC Page 5 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 2. 3 Key Note Address Dr. M Ramachandran, IAS, Former Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India opened his note by congratulating Surat City for featuring 4th in the list of fastest developing cities. He pointed out that various models in the area of waste management emanating out of Suart could be practised cross the country. He said that with more than 2 lakh MT of waste produced everyday by approximately 8,000 towns and cities in the county, it has become imperative to handle waste in an effective manner so that cities remain clean and wastes can be re-cycled and re-used in the best possible manner. He also highlighted the change of composition in waste produced in India. He said that over the last 10 years, plastic waste has increased 10-fold whereas paper waste has gone up to just 2 times so we need to choose waste handling technology with these changes in consideration. Dr. Ramachandran stressed upon the need for 0verall waste management policy at the state level so that cities have clear guidelines for waste management. He also insisted that overall waste management policy should have guidelines for waste handling, resources allocation and should clearly define roles and responsibility of various bodies like pollution board and local bodies wh0 are involved in waste management. He said that creating awareness among masses for waste reduction is equally important and urged electoral representatives to prioritize this factor of 3R. He also said that creating awareness cannot be left to local bodies as every citizen should be made aware of ways to reduce waste and different eco-friendly ways of doing things. Dr. M Ramachandran pointed out that we have various service level benchmarks and National Sanitation Policy and it is important to timely implement these policies so that in a comprehensive manner, fundamentals of solid waste management can be addressed. He concluded by saying that we need to quantify actions at the city level so that changes can be achieved with long term perspective. 2. 4 Inaugural Address by Guest of Honour Hon’ble Minister of State for Cottage Industries, Salt Industries, Printing and Stationery, Planning and Transport, Mr. Ranjitbhai Gilitwala was the Guest of Honour. In his address, he congratulated Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) for organizing this important seminar on Integrated Waste Management and also appreciated the laudable work done by SMC. After the plague epidemic that gripped the city in 1994, tremendous work was undertaken to make the city clean and green by SMC. Today, Surat has emerged as one of the best cities to live and work and offers quality lifestyle, said Mr. Gilitwala. Hon’ble minister also said that waste treatment and recycling should not alone be the focus and called for efforts from people to reduce the generation of waste. Reducing generation can go a long way in addressing sustainability concerns, along with recycling and reuse of the waste generated. Government of Gujarat under the visionary leadership of Hon’ble Chief Minister, Shri Narendra Modi aimed to focus on environmental issues and seminars such as these were an important platform for sharing of ideas and knowledge collaboration. PwC Page 6 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 2. 5 Inaugural Address by Chief Guest Hon’ble Minister of Panchayat, Rural Housing, Rural Development, Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs, Government of Gujarat Sheri Narrottambhai Patel was the chief guest. In his inaugural address, he lauded the efforts of Surat Municipal Corporation and people of Surat City in significantly transforming Surat from a plague-ridden city to one of the cleanest city in India. Hon’ble minister said that effective waste management is integral to overall development of Gujarat. He also said that with 158 municipalities and 8 municipal corporations in the state, there is need for continuous learning from mutual best practices. Hon’ble minister reinforced the commitment of government towards waste management and also said that Government of Gujarat wants to develop all its cities in the line of Surat in the waste management area. 2. 6 Concluding Remarks Mr. Piyush Shah, Chairman, CII State Council, Gujarat and Managing Director Hitachi HiRel Power Electronics Pvt Ltd, concluded the session by thanking all speakers and dignitaries for sharing their knowledge and sparing time for attending the event. Mr. Shah lauded the efforts being undertaken by Government of Gujarat to promote information sharing and brainstorming on the important issue of waste management having wide spread ramifications for the development of our cities. PwC Page 7 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 3. Technical Plenary – I: Sustainable Waste Management List of Speakers Name Dr. M Ramachandran, IAS Prof. Chetan Vaidya Dr. A N Vaidya Dr. Juergen Porst Organization Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India National Institute of Urban Affairs National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR – NEERI) Bavarian Waste Association Incinerators Designation Former Secretary Director Senior Principal Scientist and Head Solid Waste Management Division Senior Advisor, GIZ (IndoGerman Bilateral Agency) 3. 1 Introductory Remarks by Session Chairman Dr. M Ramachandran, Former Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India opened the session by introducing the speakers and setting the context for the discussion. He urged speakers to talk about new models, ideas and ways to move towards better waste management in our cities and deliberate on the challenges facing waste management sector in India. 3. 2 Waste Management Prof. Chetan Vaidya, Director, National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) talked about the trends in the waste management sector. Municipal Solid Waste Management rules in India were formed in the year 2000 and there was a need to relook at those since there had been several challenges in implementing them. Public private partnership models have also been facing issues of absence of user charges, labor rationalization etc. Quoting an NIUA report, Prof. Vaidya highlighted that waste management is essentially an operation and maintenance issue and steps were needed to overhaul the sector keeping in view this important perspective. Integrated waste management is the need of the hour and Kanpur city in the northern state of India, Uttar Pradesh presented a good example of outsourcing end to end solutions in the waste management sector. Surat in Gujarat too with a combination of operators providing different services presented an alternate example of effective waste management solutions. Dr. Vaidya also spoke about PEARL (Peer Experience and Reflective Learning) initiative under JnNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission), the ambitious program of Government of India, being an effective source of promoting knowledge sharing among cities so that learning emerging from urban centres can be shared across the country for wider benefits. There was a need felt to raise awareness about PEARL across cities in India which was being done by NIUA through its various efforts and initiatives. PwC Page 8 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead . 3 Handling Emerging Waste Streams: E-Waste and Hazardous Waste Management Emerging waste streams in India like biomedical and electronic waste need technologically superior solutions to handle them, said Dr. A N Vaidya, Scientist at the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI). Dr. Vaidya started his note by highlighting the changing composition of pollution, bot h air and water in the country over last few decades. The composition of waste generated had also changed and reflected new types of pollutants and this had made new approach in waste sector inevitable. The new approach had shifted to management of waste from treatment only perspective and cleaner technologies along with advanced treatment, equipments etc were now available. The major challenge in managing hazardous composites of waste streams is the heterogeneous nature of waste generated and dealing with this requires that waste minimization strategies remain at the core of our approach. This included both reduction at source as well as recycling and extracting as much as possible. Dr. Vaidya, apprised the audience of the advanced treatment processes which are available in the market today viz. membrane based processes, advanced oxidation processes among others. He also talked about ways for selection of an appropriate treatment process based on composition of waste and elaborated on how various processes worked. Remediation methods that could go a long way in preventing damage to environment and living conditions include regular assessment of contamination levels and selection of the right treatment process along with other initiatives. To conclude, Dr. Vaidya underlined that waste management is a dynamic sector with changing composition of wastes and there is a need to rapidly adopt newer and better technologies and treatment processes. 3. 4 Need for Mixed Technologies in Waste Disposal: Focus on Waste to Energy Dr. Juergen Porst has been working for over three decades in the waste management sector. He is currently working for GIZ German International Cooperation, Government of Bavaria and several state governments in India along with over 26 countries across the world. Dr. Porst talking about waste o energy trends briefed the audience about the waste management sector in Germany and the strategy that European countries had adopted which had led to them excelling in the sector. European strategy of following a hierarchic approach through prevention, reuse, recycling, recovery and disposal had led to excellent results. The heating values in developed economies were higher while the nature of Indian waste resulted i n it having a low value. However, Dr. Porst stated that this was slowly changing and calorific value of Indian waste was also on the rise. The options available for non-recyclable waste management broadly included mechanical-biological processes and thermal treatment processes. Land filling however proved to be a more expensive decision over the longer run due to the high cost of operations and after care costs. Dr. Porst also busted several myths surrounding waste incineration techniques like it not being eco-friendly and being expensive than mechanicalbiological treatment (MBT). He underscored that waste recycling and waste to energy did not conflict – they in fact complemented each other. Dr Porst, presented several products where energy produced from waste could be used for marketable products and earnings that could accrue. Waste to energy conversion methods were also environmental friendly and facilitate efficient climate protection due to their far less emissions than equivalent landfill sites. Coincineration also provided for carbon credit benefits though the reliability over long term remained low. PwC Page 9 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead Enabling waste to energy based projects called for conducive conditions to be created in terms of legal frameworks, market conditions prevalent and generating favourable public opinion and acceptance among masses. 3. 5 Closing Remarks by Session Chairman The technical plenary on Sustainable waste management was concluded by the session chairman, Dr. M Ramachandran who thanked the speakers for their valuable inputs and ideas. PwC Page 10 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 4. Panel Discussion: From Door to Dump A panel discussion was held on the topic of â€Å"From Door to Dump: Issues and way forward in segregation, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal†. The panel which consisted of eminent panellists expressed their views and concerns and proposed solutions to move faster towards end to end solutions for the waste management sector effective to combat challenges across the value chain. List of Speakers Name Mr. I P Gautam, IAS Mr. N M Tabhani Prof. Dinesh Mehta Dr. Amiya Kumar Sahu Mr. Arun Gor Mr. Debashish Tripathy Organization Urban Development and Urban Housing Department, Government of Gujarat Gujarat Pollution Control Board Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology National Solid Waste Association of India All India Institute of Local Self Government, Mumbai IL FS Environmental Infrastructure and Services Ltd Designation Principal Secretary Sr. Environmental Engineer Professor Emeritus President Vice President PwC Page 11 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead ? Mr. I P Gautam, IAS, Principal Secretary, Urban Development and Urban Housing Department, Government of Gujarat: Opening the session, Mr. Gautam welcomed all the esteemed speakers on the dias. On the topic â€Å"From Door to Dump†, he said the topic was very aptly termed as an effective management of waste calls for working across all activities of the process. Mr. Gautam said that one of the potential ways of overcoming issues in the waste management sector was to facilitate some form of clubbing of municipalities so that economies of scale could be leveraged where in municipalities benefit from common land could fill sites and treatment plants. Doing this would also help smaller municipalities who due to lesser generation of waste currently find investing in treatment and processing activities unfeasible. He stated that though creation of scientific landfills was easy, it was often the operation and maintenance of these landfills which was a concern. Concluding his remarks, Mr. Gautam lauded the efforts of Surat Municipal Corporation in the city – he also requested for support from the people in sustaining these initiatives and making them fruitful. Mr. N M Tabhani, Sr. Environmental Engineer Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB): On behalf of GPCB, Mr. Tabhani spoke about the challenges in waste processing and newer ways of handling waste for all round benefits. Mr. Tabhani talked about Co-processing as an effective way of handling waste from industrial processes while recovering energy and material value from them which in turn could be supplied to energy intensive industries like cement production units. Use of cement kilns also offers large scale benefits over traditional hazardous waste incinerators due to high temperatures, long residence time and oxidizing conditions present leading to reduction in emissions. While there are several others methods of processing waste for energy to meet treatment challenges, a distinct advantage that co-processing offers in handling heterogeneous Indian waste is its ability to process plastic and non recyclables from composting plants as well. However, there are certain materials like leather, iron, stones, x-ray films etc which should not be sent for processing and municipalities must ensure proper segregation. Prof. Dinesh Mehta, Professor Emeritus, Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology: Prof. Mehta in his note threw light on the major issues facing waste management sector in India and Gujarat. After giving an overview of the waste characteristics in the state of Gujarat, he underlined that though waste collection efficiency was high in its cities, the extent of segregation and recovery still called for more efforts, especially in towns and smaller urban centres. Scientific disposal of waste needed focus even in larger cities having municipal corporations. Financial sustainability also remains an area which needed attention due to low recovery of costs. Apart from these, Prof. Mehta also highlighted other issues where work was required like focus on collection of liquid waste with non-sewered liquid waste content still remaining substantial in smaller urban centres. Bio medical and e-waste collection was yet another emerging area where there was a need to have more treatment facilities for these. Dr. Amiya Kumar Sahu, President, National Solid Waste Association: National Solid Waste Association of India (NSWAI) is the only leading professional non-profit organization in the field of Solid Waste Management including Toxic and Hazardous Waste and also Biomedical Waste in India. Speaking on the challenges and way forward in the area of solid waste management, Dr. Sahu started his presentation by giving an overview of current scenario of waste management in India and also pointed out the changing composition of waste produced in India. He suggested several way forward including segregation of waste streams at the household level, provision of suitable and different transport vehicles as per demands of the nature of waste generated locally, stimulating market for recyclables. Dr. Sahu said that Government should incentivize private sector participation and promote new concepts like waste to energy through renewable energy certificates. He stressed upon the need of bringing in appropriate government policy initiatives for the same. ? ? ? PwC Page 12 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead ? Mr. Arun Gor, All India Institute of Local Self Government, Mumbai: Mr. Gor started his presentation by giving an overview of types of waste and various laws pertaining to waste management. He pointed out that till date we don’t have any separate law dealing with e-waste. He then spoke about principal areas of management and handling of municipal solid waste. Mr. Gour highlighted the importance of segregation at source and how this can help in achieving more recycling of waste. He said that real problem is selection of appropriate technology depending upon waste generation and availability of land and further suggested that large ULBs with waste generation above 300 T/day should have centralized plants with priority of generating Organic Fertilizer from Bio-Waste; Waste to Energy Options are suitable for those generating 1,000T/ day and above. He concluded by saying that areas like segregation at source, storage, collection, transport, recycling, processing and final disposal requires coordinated action and policy changes so that issues of Municipal Waste Management can be addressed. ? Mr. Debashish Tripathy, Vice President, ILFS Environmental Infrastructure and Services Ltd: ILFS Environmental Infrastructure and Services Ltd (IEISL) is one of the leaders in the waste management sector in India which has adopted an integrated approach in the sector and offers services from collection, processing to energy conversion. Speaking on the challenges encountered in the waste management sector, Mr. Tripathi underlined issues facing the much needed public private partnership models. He mentioned that budgetary allocations of municipal authorities was often not sufficient and also that a major cost was incurred on collection and transportation while not enough was being spent on treatment and energy conversion. Development of institutional and financial capability in the municipalities was also required as was the need to carve out viable business models for private sector involvement. The absence of willingness to pay among the citizens was a major hurdle and Mr. Tripathi suggested that it was necessary to start charging citizens for waste management services and billing systems on the lines of electricity and water bills were required. He also recommended profileration of education and benefits of segregation and waste disposal among children so that awareness seeps in the society. Carbon financing advances and post financing were other options that need to be looked at. PwC Page 13 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 5. Technical Plenary – II: Harnessing Waste for Wealth List of Speakers Name Shri M K Das, IAS Ms. Caroline Twigg Mr. Rahul Bedmutha Mr. Prayas Goel Organization Surat Municipal Corporation World Business Council Sustainable Development for Designation Municipal Commissioner India Coordinator Associate Director Managing Director CRISIL, Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Rochem India Pvt Ltd 5. 1 Introductory Remarks by Session Chairman Shri M K Das, IAS, Commissioner, Surat Municipal Corporation opened the session by welcoming all the speakers and highlighting that in the emerging scenario waste is becoming a sector where ample economic opportunities exist and effective waste management called for tapping these opportunities for creating a win-win situation for all. 5. 2 Presentation by Surat Municipal Corporation Surat Municipal Corporation, the hosts of the event made a brief presentation introducing to the audience the city and its glorious development over the last few decades. In the presentation made on â€Å"sewerage management function† of the corporation, several systems, functions and initiatives were highlighted which have made the city one of the leading urban centres in waste management sector across India. The current status of the sewerage and waste management in the city and key achievements were also highlighted. Apart from clearly defined functions at head quarter and zonal level, the corporation had focussed on adopting latest technologies by leveraging funds received under JnNURM. Carbon credit mechanism is also being tapped and it is estimated that the corporation from its 3 sewerage gas based plants would generate more than 0. 5 lakh of CER (Carbon Emission Reduction). Technology adoption had also penetrated data monitoring and control in the sewerage plants. The corporation is now focussing on development of tertiary treatment plants to ease the pressure on drinking water resources. Solid waste management activities which received a major thrust by the corporation after the plague epidemic in the city in the 1990s had undergone a sea change with several initiatives being taken like concept of zero garbage on roads, privatisation of municipal solid waste (MSW) related activities, infrastructure development for disposal among others. An overhaul and modernisation of the refuse transfer stations has been carried out resulting into reduction in odour and no storage of MSW. Multiple technologies for waste processing have been adopted which are preceded by segregation of the heterogeneous waste that is collected. Several sustainability initiatives have also been carried out in the city in the form of centralized biomedical waste collection, treatment and disposal, effective management of hotel and kitchen waste along with innovative schemes like ‘Anudan Scheme’ for urban dwellers and adoption of improvised equipments and provisions for its citizens. Private sector participation has been a PwC Page 14 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead key strategy and several projects are still available in the pipeline where private sector collaboration can be successful. . 3 Facilitating Public Private Partnerships in Waste Management Ms. Caroline Twigg, India Coordinator of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) introduced to the audience the organization which has over 200 companies spanning more than 22 sectors across 35 countries as its members and works towards thought leadership for business role in sustainabilit y concerns. Under the Urban Infrastructure initiative, the organization has been working across the complete functional chain from design and planning, building, financing and operations. Briefing the audience on Public Private Partnerships (PPPs), Ms. Twigg defined PPPs as a transformational form of procurement where government could create new ways of delivering services. She gave a brief description of the various PPP models which comprised different levels of participation from the private sector like service contracts, lease, annuity, BOOT (Build, Own, Operate and Transfer) and divesture among others. She also delineated benefits and challenges for both the parties in PPP model – Government and private sector. Ms. Twigg also talked about the waste management hierarchy which spanned from reducing usage, reuse, recycle, co processing, incineration to land filling and presented a few case studies including those from waste to fuel and waste water sectors underscoring the success of PPP based projects in these sectors. In Asia Pacific, however, Ms. Twigg noted that though there had been a boom in PPPs in this region, it still called for better oversight from public sector agencies and a stronger political will to make the models work. There is a tremendous scope for private sector participation in waste sector in India where only 8-9% of the total waste is currently being disposed off scientifically. Gulbarga, Hubli, Haldia were a few urban centres which presented successful PPP model projects. Management contracts, lease and BOOT models were emerging as the more popular ones. She highlighted that the success factors needed for development of PPPs were a strong will, robust institutional frameworks, well structured projects, a clear understanding of strengths and limitations of each party and an bjective, transparent tariff fixing procedure among several others. Ms. Twigg concluded her presentation by talking about Urban Infrastructure Initiative of WBCSD and the support available for various sources including Government of India portals etc for leveraging and development of PPPs in India. 5. 4 Cost Economics: How to create a revenue model An overview of contract structures in Waste management sector along with re venue accrual models was presented by Mr. Rahul Bedmutha, Associate Director, CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Advisory. Mr. Bedmutha started of his note by talking about the status of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in India and the rising trends in waste generation being witnessed in the sector. He highlighted that though waste collection was reasonable at 70-80% in large cities it was abysmally low in smaller cities, often below 50%. An estimated Rs. 49,000 crore is required to plug the gaps existing the sector over the next 20 years. Currently, processing and disposal as well as integrated projects were seeing growing investments. PwC Page 15 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead Funding in MSWM projects has progressed from being funded by external agencies to local city governments and further now from service providers. A viable model for funding that has emerged now is based on capital investment from service provider and recovery through tipping fee and sale of products from treatment/processing of waste. Mr Bedmutha presented a few case studies on the same and underlined that tipping fees still remains a significant contributor ~ 68% of the revenues. Contract structures of MSWM projects also need to be reviewed from the viewpoint of integrated waste management to avoid overlap in the scope of processing and disposal and integrated contracts. Also in the scope of work, the contracts must focus on minimization of residue after processing. Mr. Bedmutha concluded his presentation by talking about the various risks that could challenges investments in waste management sector including – waste quality risks, technology risk both from the perspective of power generation and pollution control and counterparty risk in the form of paying capability of the ULBs. . 5 Towards Zero Waste: Exploring the Systems Approach Mr. Prayas Goel, Managing Director, Rochem India presented on the topic – â€Å"Towards Zero- A Systems Approach- Harnessing waste for wealth† Zero waste is a concept that calls for a paradigm shift and views waste as a resource that can be remoulded for usable components and profitable ventures. Speaking on the topic, Mr. Goel talked about the heterogeneity of the MSW and the fact that approximately 60% of it is organic and another 15% recyclable. He said that the low calorific value of Indian MSW can be attributed to its high moisture content. Due to absence of source segregation a total solution to treat mixed waste was warranted in the Indian context. Mr Goel also presented a comparison of various technologies like composting, landfill, incineration and the new concord blue solution on various indicators like emissions, maintenance cost, recovery of energy etc. Elaborating further on the Zero waste, Mr. Goel said that the concept focussed on maximizing the 3-R concept – Reduce, Recycle and Recover as well as ensuring that only true inerts are sent to the landfill. This could be achieved by raising public awareness and involving all concerned agencies including the un-organized sector. An integrated approach towards zero waste that he presented highlighted the need for receipt of waste with minimal storage along with efficiency in pre-conditioning activities followed by conversion of pre-conditioned waste to energy. An elaboration of Gasification technology apprised the audience about the details of this non-incineration thermal waste to energy solution and its suitability for disposal of mixed solid waste. The process is also environmental friendly since it does not release toxic dioxins and furans due to the plastic present being thermo chemically degraded instead of being burned. Other benefits include the low space requirement, negligible rejects and no storage requirements. Summarizing his presentation, Mr. Goel negated the widely held notion that Indian waste due to its low calorific value based on How to cite Waste Treatment, Papers

Three kinds of ethics

Virtue ethics Virtue ethics is important for engineering the engineered people because it is concerned with the moral sense and not on the market forces that an engineer need in order to be good. Traditional engineering was linked to political and social world, which were tied by the rules of the pharaohs and kings that were non-democratic and repressive.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Three kinds of ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The need of the engineered persons to be what they wanted was largely determined by the powers the engineered individuals would have after the process. Although this is still the case today, the contemporary engineers have the option of changing jobs based on dissatisfaction of the current job (Moriarty, 2001). This option was not available for traditional engineers as engineering by then was largely implicit, which made it lack distinction and clarity. The engineer ing could not be put under public interest for ethical scrutiny but it was driven by intuition, design experience and estimates that were rough. There used to emerge ethical concerns about the behaviour and character of the engineers at those times. Such engineers were compared with supervisors with sole responsibilities to oversee construction projects (Moriarty, 2001). For example, slaves could build the pyramids having been engineered by the engineers. However, little is known about the engineers of the ancient times though some of them were of high character. In the traditional engineering enterprise, when analysis is done between the engineer, engineered individuals and the engineering process, the engineer used to predominate (Moriarty, 2001). The issue of character of engineers should therefore be regarded with importance. Successful engineers should be orderly, good disciplined and predictable in their methods of solving problems. They should also be even-tempered and abidin g to the laws (Moriarty, 2001). Conceptual ethics Conceptual ethics in the modern era is characterized by procedures, means and methods that are explicit. Renaissance brought about conceptual ethics and proceeded to contemporary times with a gradual change of engineering enterprise into a unique practice, which led to the development of methodology that was clear and distinct (Moriarty, 2001).Advertising Looking for critical writing on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Modernist methods were exhibited in practicing of engineering where the engineered individual, engineer and the concept of engineering was able to stand out. The characteristics and features of the process were regarded with importance than the engineer’s character (Moriarty, 2001). The act gained more value than the actor did. For example, in the recent times of computer technology the actor seems gradually to disappear. Analysis of the modern engi neering indicates that appearance and reality are not always the same. The product, personality, the engineered person and the engineer existed in the background as the whole process tended to the centre stage (Moriarty, 2001). Modern engineering is a contribution of Rene Descartes, Leonardo da Vinci and Francis Bacon. For example, Da Vinci incorporated science in various ways to help in engineering projects. Leonardo advocated the importance of linking practice and theory in order for the humankind to benefit (Moriarty, 2001). The methods of Descartes were also largely embraced by the modern engineering. The abstraction notion, dissection and reconstruction from Descartes made the modern engineering explicit (Moriarty, 2001). Modern methodologies are becoming increasingly fruitful making engineering to be an applied design and science. For example, dissection and abstraction procedures provide basic component in analyzing engineering processes while in synthesis the basics are cont rol and reconstruction (Moriarty, 2001). Science was brought closer to modernist engineering through analysis procedures that use proliferation. Coherence in engineering resulted from the link between know-what and knowledge with the practice and theory (Moriarty, 2001). Conceptual engineering linked with modernist engineering in a natural way because both were grounded in a theoretical and general scientific mind-set, which was a characteristic of the worldview of the modernist.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Three kinds of ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Material ethics A possible scenario is used to explain about material ethics where all the household goods are networked in such a way that the toaster signals the fridge. The fridge then has bagels containers that sense when the bagels are not there and relay the information to an agent in the internet dealing with shopping list and expend iture accounts in order to balance them (Moriarty, 2001). This disengages the owner of the house from many commitments, which is the concern of material ethics and focal engineering. Focal engineering is concerned with the good while material ethics aim at the closeness of the good (Moriarty, 2001). The concern of the material ethics is the material product that results from a system of engineering process, structure and different manifestation of system or network on how the system can serve the good. This helps to explain how engineered products can be used in focal practices. Something focal has the ability to enrich earthly sojourn (Moriarty, 2001). These habits from the mind and heart bring unity and sense of focus in our lives towards a good society. Engineered products have the ability to orient lives away or towards good (Moriarty, 2001). For example, when we watch television, we can be inspired to have good or bad character depending on the values of the programs we are wat ching. Therefore, material ethics examine the moral worth among the engineered to determine the level of engagement (Moriarty, 2001). Reference Moriarty, G. (2001). Three kinds of ethics. Fall: IEEE Technology and Society Magazine. This critical writing on Three kinds of ethics was written and submitted by user Jaelynn W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The New York Yankees Essays - New York Yankees Players, Free Essays

The New York Yankees Essays - New York Yankees Players, Free Essays The New York Yankees The New York Yankees are without dispute the most successful franchise in baseball history. They have captured 33 American League pennants and 22 World Series Championships, which is far more than any other franchise in baseball. Baseball?s greatest players have played proudly wearing the pinstripes. But those facts alone are not what the Yankees are about. The Yankees are so much more than just a team that wins championships. It is the players (past and present) and the stories about these players that make the Yankees the team that they are. These stories are passed down from generation to generation. Stories of Yankee legends such as Babe Ruth bolting his 60th home run in 1927. Babe Ruth would go on to become the most influential player the sport would ever know. Another unforgetable Yankee memorie is when Roger Maris broke Ruth?s single season homerun record when he hit 61 homeruns in 1961. Every year as the World Series approaches, fans always reminisce about the time Reggie Jackson hit three homeruns on three consecutive pitches to win the World Series in 1977. It is the dream of most American youths to have been able to see those golden times first hand. Although many didn?t see the history of the Yankees, they experienced history in the making as the 1998 Yankees won the World Series while having the best record of any team in a single season. History and baseball greatness is overwhelmingly displayed in the Yankee symbol. The Yankees are so much more than just a baseball team, they are a symbol of teamwork, great talent, and unity. It has been seen throughout the years and it is seen with the team of 1998. They took the symbol into the 1990?s and have further burned the Yankee symbol of greatness into the minds of all that watch them. Yankee Stadium is, to many, the centerpiece of baseball history. It is the heart and soul of the Yankee tradition and it is a symbol of the greatness of baseball in general. Being one of the oldest stadiums in the game, Yankee stadium is not about modern amenities, it is about tradition. While other stadiums have changed the playing field to artificial turf, Yankee Stadium still has a natural grass playing field. The Stadium has changed little over the years. The white fa?ade above the bleachers in centerfield still glistens in the summer sunlight. The fans still have the same ritual of rejecting caught balls from the bat of opposing players by throwing the balls back out on the field. Players sign autographs before the game just as their heroes did for them when they were children. Yankee Stadium is a place where the fans can revel in the history of America?s pastime. A place where records have been broken, legends have been made, and moments have transcended time. Visiting Yankee Stadium is a must-experience for any baseball fan. As a fan passes through the metal turnstile, the loud, deep voice of a vendor resonates in the fan?s ear as he announces, ?Programs! Scorecards! Get your programs here!" Looking around reveals to each fan that Yankee Stadium is packed like Grand Central Station during the holidays. Excited fans frantically rush by as though they are running late for a train. Upon taking one?s very first step into the stadium, emotions of awe, anticipation, and excitement drastically heighten, taking over one?s body. Over the years fans have adopted different pre-game rituals. The sweet smells of roasted peanuts, buttered popcorn, and hotdogs lure some fans to the food stand. The great variety of food and beverages leaves many unsure exactly what to order. Hotdogs always seem to be the bestseller and fans never hesitate to pile on the mustard, relish, ketchup, and sauerkraut. Fans attempt to quench their thirst by consuming beers as if threats of prohibition loom in the air. Others patiently stand in line at the restrooms, waiting for a chance to relieve themselves of several pre-game beers. Some fans jump at the chance to expand their wardrobe of Yankee paraphernalia. Everything from Yankee hats to Yankee tablecloths hold large price tags, but are nevertheless sold by pushy vendors. All fans do